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[-=extreme=-]

hi.

 

just wana ask, what's the difference between a router and a hub? is there?

Here is a brief description:

 

Routers operate at the network layer. The term router implies that this entity

not only moves information from one network to another, but it can also make

decisions about what route the information should take.

 

Hubs operate at the physical layer. There are two kinds of Hubs, Pasive Hub and Active Hub. A pasive Hub is a resistive divisor.

An active Hub repeats and regenerate the signal in a LAN (i.e. Token Ring, ARCNET or Ethernet ) Hubs are usually hardware devices, while routers can be implemented in either hardware and software.

 

Hub
A hub is a repeater, which is a OSI model device, the simplest possible.    A hub takes the data that comes into a port and sends it out all the other ports in the hub.  It doesn't perform any filtering or redirection of data. Although it's actually a little more complicated, you can think of a hub like a piece of wire.  A better analogy might be that of an Internet Chat room.  Everything that everyone who joins a particular chat is seen by everyone else.  If there are too many people trying to chat, things get bogged down.  See Switching HUBs for a faster HUB.


Bridge
Bridges (sometimes called "Transparent bridges") work at OSI model Layer 2. This means they don't know anything about protocols, but just forward data depending on the destination address in the data packet.  This address is not the IP address, but the MAC (Media Access Control) address that is unique to each network adapter card.

With a Bridge, all your computers are in the same network subnet, so you don't have to worry about not being able to communicate between computers or share an Internet connection.  DHCP servers will work fine across Bridges, or if you assign your own IP addresses, you'll use the same first 3 "octets" of the IP address (Example: 192.168.0.X). 

However, the only data that is allowed to cross the bridge is data that is being sent to a valid address on the other side of the bridge.  No valid address, no data across the bridge.  Bridges don't require programming.  They learn the addresses of the computers connected to them by listening to the data flowing through them.

Bridges are very useful for joining networks made of different media types together into larger networks, and keeping network segments free of data that doesn't belong in a particular segment.

Switches
Switches are the same thing as Bridges, but usually have multiple ports with the same "flavor" connection (Example: 10/100BaseT).  

Switches can be used in heavily loaded networks to isolate data flow and improve performance.  In a switch, data between two lightly used computers will be isolated from data intended for a heavily used server, for example.  Or in the opposite case, in "auto sensing" switches that allow mixing of 10 and 100Mbps connections, the slower 10Mbps transfer won't slow down the faster 100Mbps flow.

Although switch prices are dropping so that there is very little difference from hub prices, most home users get very little, if any, advantage from switches, even when sharing "broadband" Internet connections.  "Broadband" connections for most users are in the 1-2Mbps range, far below even 10Mbps speeds.  Since you share that bandwidth, you can see that your speedy 100BaseT connection isn't even breaking a sweat when you're using the Internet.

Router
Routers forward data packets from one place to another, too!  However routers are OSI model Layer 3 devices, and forward data depending on the Network address, not the Hardware (MAC) address.  For TCP/IP networks, this means the IP address of the network interface.  

Routers isolate each LAN into a separate subnet, so each network adapter's IP address will have a different third "octet" (Example: 192.168.1.1 and 192.168.2.1 are in different subnets.).  They are necessary in large networks because the TCP/IP addressing scheme allows only 254 addresses per (Class C) network segment.

Routers, like bridges, provide bandwidth control by keeping data out of subnets where it doesn't belong.   However, routers need to be set up before they can get going, although once set up, they can communicate with other routers and learn the way to parts of a network that are added after a router is initially configured.


Note:
Routers are also the only one of these four devices that will allow you to share a single IP address among multiple network clients.

[matsutsu]

hi.

 

just wana ask, what's the difference between a router and a hub? is there?

router - device used to connect dissimilar network protocol or connect 2 or more different networks (LAN, WAN and ISP)

sa networking term...usually associated with the gateway.

 

hub - device used to connect segments of your local network...similar to a repeater. it broadcasts the packet to all other segments so ur computers can talk with each other.

[umbertoeklat]

hi.

 

just wana ask, what's the difference between a router and a hub? is there?

 

meron pa, switch w/c is way better than a hub.

 

btw, what do they call a switch before?

a hub switch or a switching hub ba yun? (dun sa mga older network gurus out there)

[sago]

also, is there such a hardware that you split a dsl line into, multiple outputs, yet never degrade(same principle as a distribution amplifier for cable tv), i understand a 256k dsl can only handle like 12pc's.

if u notice s cable tv, diba humihina ang signal pagsobrang daming nkaconnecta(20-100 tv sets).ganon din s internet,yung dsl n 256Kb eh paghahatian ng 12PCs so theoretical bandwidth is 21.3Kb per PC.pwede n s moderate user n hdi ngdodownload ng apps/mp3/etc.pero kung puro chat lang at surfing ng internet(walang downloading ng malalaking apps/mp3/etc) ang gagamit s 256Kb n dsl eh kahit n 20PCs kumonekta dyan eh ok lang.

 

is it just a marketing ploy, that you cant run a kazaa program on a diff pc, while others a running ragnarok?, they say it slows down the game to "gapang", does kazaa really uses so much bandwidth?

kazaa really EATS BANDWIDTH. if u ask me gapang talaga ang ragnarok kse s sobrang daming naglalaro,hehe.

[sago]

meron pa, switch w/c is way better than a hub.

 

btw, what do they call a switch before?

a hub switch or a switching hub ba yun? (dun sa mga older network gurus out there)

hhmm... ano nga ba? switching hub? hdi ko n ninabutan to eh.

 

basta ang alam ko eh:

 

hub - will repeat the signal/data sent to this equipment to all the PCs connected to it.so kung mgpadala kang ng data s hub mo,eh ipapadala nya ito s lahat ng nkaconnect n PC s kanya - including yung PC mo.ganyan sya ktanga.hehe.

 

switch - will repeat the signal/data sent to this equipment to all the PCs connected to it excluding the signal/data sender.eto medyo matino kse pgnagpadala ka ng data s switch eh ipapadala nya ito s lahat ng computer maliban s iyo.

 

bridge - hhmm... sirit.hehe.

 

router - eto naman eh iroute nya yung data n pinadala s kanya papunta s MISMONG PC n dapat puntahan ng data,hdi n nya pinapadala s lahat n nkaconnect s kanya.di hamak n masmatalino s switch/bridge/hub.

[CyberRay]

---- Virus Alert! Threatcon Level 3 ----

 

Heads Up! New Virus Spreading Fast!

 

Update The Virus Definitions/Signitures For Your Anti-Virus Software A.S.A.P!

 

-Virus Name: W32.Alua@mm

 

W32.Alua@mm is a mass-mailing worm that opens a backdoor.

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

When W32.Alua@mm is executed, it performs the following actions:

 

1. Launches sndrec32.exe, the Windows Sound Recorder.

 

2. Copies itself to %System%\au.exe.

 

Note: %System% is a variable. The worm locates the System folder and copies itself to that location. By default, this is C:\Windows\System (Windows 95/98/Me), C:\Winnt\System32 (Windows NT/2000), or C:\Windows\System32 (Windows XP).

3. Adds the value:

 

"au.exe"="%System%\au.exe"

 

to the registry key:

 

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run

 

so that the worm runs when you start Windows.

 

4. Adds the key:

 

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Windows2000

 

5. Contacts the following Web sites on TCP port 80:

* www.47df.de

* www.strato.de

* intern.games-ring.de

 

 

Note: W32.Alua@mm is coded to stop on February 25th, 2004.

Edited February 17, 2004 by CyberRay

[in_vitro]

baka naman mainit at walang ventilation! kailangan na kailangan ng mga amd's yan.

 

do you have a video card installed with the pc? kasi if shared sya, it loads up the cpu as well making it hotter as long as you use it.

 

very vague kasi yung explaination, what' your computer's specs ba aside from having an amd 2100+ processor, like vdo card, how many mb of ram you got? what's your os? how big is your hdd?

AMD athlon xp 2100+ yung binili ko po, 256mb DDR 333mhz, MSI kt3v mobo 333mhz fsb, 80 gig Barracuda HD partitioned into 3 drives, asus CD-rom, asus CD writer, hindi po built in ung video e (inno3d Geforce2 MX/MX 400). Thermal take volcano ung fan po, may 3 auxilliary fans sa casing. Im running dual OS, win98SE and winxp. The only game this unit can play before was Ragnarok. It hangs on Warcraft, Starcraft, Command and Conquer, Battle Realms, GTA... pero since i had it configured on xp 1500+ nakakalaro na po ako ng games. im starting to doubt na 2100 nga ung chip ko eh. meron po bang harmful effect ang underclocking?... like what im doing right now? thanks po ulit sa mga reply nyo.

[in_vitro]

meron nga ganitong case n pinapalitan nila yung label ng processor and sell it as a higher model.check mo kung medyo iba yung itsura ng label ng processor then if in doubt u could go to gilmore doon yung building ng AMD distributor tapos ipakita mo yung processor.

you could try running it at a higher speed tapos babaan mo yung voltage mo ng 0.25v or 0.5v(yes some processors can run undervolted)para hdi mabilis mgoverheat.

Thanks po sir, try kong dalhin sa Gilmore to have it checked for authenticity. Thanks po ulit.

[-=extreme=-]

For those who into internetl/LAN and want to limit a specific user/program to a specific bandwidth here is the software for you.

 

NetLimiter is an ultimate internet traffic control and monitoring tool designed for Win98/Win98 SE, WinME, Win2000 and WinXP. You can use NetLimiter to set download/upload transfer rate limits for applications or even single connection and monitor their internet traffic.

 

http://www.netlimiter.com/

http://www.netlimiter.com/screenshots/125/scrshot002.png

Edited February 18, 2004 by -=extreme=-

[silverchariot]

Eto Uli:

 

For the Software get it Here:

http://download5.speedbit.com/dap7.exe

 

For the Patch/Crack; get it here:

http://wmw.andr.net/andr-crack/d/Download%20Accelerator%20Plus%20(%20DAP%20)%20%207.0.1.3%20%20-%20Bidjan.zip

 

salamat , pareng extreme!!!!

 

:mtc:

[freelicker]

That's one of the reasons why I had tried to avoid criminal practice, at least pag-defendant ang client ko. Kasi, if you commit a mistake, your client pays for it in "jail time" at least commercial law at tax, pera lang ang pinag-uusapan na mawawala.

[jackl]

the option to sell the property prior your mom's demise and pay capital gains tax instead of having the property transferred simply by inheritance and thereby pay estate tax might work in your favor if the value of the estate is way more than two million pesos.

 

the reason is this: the latest innovation of our tax laws provides for an exemption from taxation up to P2M of the estate including the claim for a family home. so, kung ganun lang ang value ng property might as well have it inherited instead of purchased kasi in effect wala ka rin namang babayaran na estate tax.

 

if however mas mataas pa duon ang value, have it actually computed by a an accountant or a lawyer practicing in taxation kung magkano ang taxes for either of both options.

 

if the value is far beyond P2M, then i wuold say, you might want to go ahead with the sale because the tax rates for payment of estate tax could normally get higher than capital gains tax.

 

chunky, this is just a separate but not dissenting opinion. Oks lang naman.

 

Actually, I'm tempted to state that the facts given is insufficient to form a more responsive answer. Next best thing is to make some assumptions.

 

For Marckus:

 

I will make several assumptions which are:

 

1. your dad died intestate

2. his estate comprised solely of one real property

3. real property is the family home

 

Based on the above and your earlier set of facts, possible legal implications are:

 

1. transfer of property to your mom alone, excluding the other heirs could mean possible sale prior to death of your dad - a usual mode of tax avoidance. This is open to many questions like was it transfer in contemplation of death, were the other heirs denied their legitime.

 

2. Granting there are no problems in the ownership of your Mom, transfer to your sister by way of sale poses the same questions as in No. 1. However, your mom can still skirt capital gains tax if she can certify that she will use the proceeds of the sale for the purchase or construction of another family dwelling within 18 months of the first disposition.

 

3. If the fair market value (or zonal value) is around P 2.3 million the effective estate and capital gains tax rates are about the same at 6%. Over the amount sale would be more efficient tax wise.

[umbertoeklat]

hhmm... ano nga ba? switching hub? hdi ko n ninabutan to eh.

 

basta ang alam ko eh:

 

hub - will repeat the signal/data sent to this equipment to all the PCs connected to it.so kung mgpadala kang ng data s hub mo,eh ipapadala nya ito s lahat ng nkaconnect n PC s kanya - including yung PC mo.ganyan sya ktanga.hehe.

 

switch - will repeat the signal/data sent to this equipment to all the PCs connected to it excluding the signal/data sender.eto medyo matino kse pgnagpadala ka ng data s switch eh ipapadala nya ito s lahat ng computer maliban s iyo.

 

bridge - hhmm... sirit.hehe.

 

router - eto naman eh iroute nya yung data n pinadala s kanya papunta s MISMONG PC n dapat puntahan ng data,hdi n nya pinapadala s lahat n nkaconnect s kanya.di hamak n masmatalino s switch/bridge/hub.

 

clear ko lang ng konti.....

 

hubs operate using a broadcast model.

 

Switches, on the other hand, are capable of determining the destination of each individual traffic element. so diretso na sya. hindi na broadcast. more efficient.

 

A bridge divides or connects a LAN into two segments, selectively forwarding traffic across the network boundary it defines. (you can say that its basic function is a repeater)

 

A router is explicitly designed to connect two networks together, usually a Local Area Network, or LAN (like a single small office) to a Wide Area Network, or WAN (like the Internet). A router also usually has additional "smart" software with security features that disallow unauthorized access to the computers in the LAN from the outside.

[deus]

AMD athlon xp 2100+ yung binili ko po, 256mb DDR 333mhz, MSI kt3v mobo 333mhz fsb, 80 gig Barracuda HD partitioned into 3 drives, asus CD-rom, asus CD writer, hindi po built in ung video e (inno3d Geforce2 MX/MX 400). Thermal take volcano ung fan po, may 3 auxilliary fans sa casing. Im running dual OS, win98SE and winxp. The only game this unit can play before was Ragnarok. It hangs on Warcraft, Starcraft, Command and Conquer, Battle Realms, GTA... pero since i had it configured on xp 1500+ nakakalaro na po ako ng games. im starting to doubt na 2100 nga ung chip ko eh. meron po bang harmful effect ang underclocking?... like what im doing right now? thanks po ulit sa mga reply nyo.

There are rumors about resellers selling overclocked processors with motherboard on a lesser price. Let say a 1.7GHz AMDAXP2100+ processor clocked to 2.0Ghz making it appear AMDAXP2400+ and selling at the cost of a AMDAXP2400+. To determine such fallacy you need to have a program which identifies the CPU ID such as a bundled software for the mobo (e.g. ASUS PC Probe for ASUS mobos) or commercially available WCPUID by H. Oda, fresh diagnose, dr hardware 2003 etc. Search the inet for more programs.

In your case, your CPU should run fine at 1.733 GHz Clock Speed (XP2100, Thunderbird), 1.75v Vcore, 13x133Mhz FSB, 266 or 333DDR. Maximum of 85C cpu core temp. A 300W PSU is enough for you setup but a warning using generic PSU is that it cant sustain a 300W output. If you are experiencing "program hangings" it may be that your PSU is not giving enough juice to system. Try investing on a good PSU (HEC, ENERMAX or ANTEC).

[thirteen]

There are rumors about resellers selling overclocked processors with motherboard on a lesser price. Let say a 1.7GHz AMDAXP2100+ processor clocked to 2.0Ghz making it appear AMDAXP2400+ and selling at the cost of a AMDAXP2400+. To determine such fallacy you need to have a program which identifies the CPU ID such as a bundled software for the mobo (e.g. ASUS PC Probe for ASUS mobos) or commercially available WCPUID by H. Oda, fresh diagnose, dr hardware 2003 etc. Search the inet for more programs.

In your case, your CPU should run fine at 1.733 GHz Clock Speed (XP2100, Thunderbird), 1.75v Vcore, 13x133Mhz FSB, 266 or 333DDR. Maximum of 85C cpu core temp. A 300W PSU is enough for you setup but a warning using generic PSU is that it cant sustain a 300W output. If you are experiencing "program hangings" it may be that your PSU is not giving enough juice to system. Try investing on a good PSU (HEC, ENERMAX or ANTEC).

There was an article in businessweek a few days ago (between Feb 9 to 13) about how several PC shops were raided and found to have been selling FAKE AMD chips. While the article was vague on how the chips were faked, its probable that the chips were overclocked and restamped/relabeled to show a higher native clockspeed.

 

What's really disturbing is that PCExpress (Shaw) and a Villman branch were among those raided and found to have fake AMD chips. If one branch has fake/overclocked chips, you can assume that the other branches have them as well.